MMC平均值模型在直流电网中的适用性分析

为了弥补原有AVM在仿真直流故障及换流器闭锁等方面精度不足的问题,研究了模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的平均值模型(AVM),在电压源换流器高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)电网中的适用性.本文从MMC换流器拓扑的角度出发,提出了改进的AVM,采用MMC的电磁暂态(EMT)详细模型搭建的4端MMC型直流网络为基准,对比发现AVM有效的前提是MMC精确模型中的电容值足够大,以使得MMC中每个子模块(SM)的电容电压近似恒定.仿真证明:本文所提改进平均值模型能够精确仿真直流故障时换流器闭锁等工况,对MMC建模有着重要的工程指导意义.     

模拟结果为什么比实际更暖:简化气候模型结果（英文）

设计了一个非专业人士能够使用、最简化的气候敏感模型,用来研究人类活动所导致的全球变暖的幅度问题.在1990年的第一次IPCC评估报告中,IPCC对其报告中预测的未来全球变暖幅度很有信心,但是随后的观测结果显示全球的变暖幅度只有预测的一半.而自2001年起,全球变暖出现停滞,但是仅仅考虑到二氧化碳浓度的增加,很少有模型能够模拟出这一变化.在已出版的IPCC第五次评估报告的草稿中,IPCC大幅度削减了近期变暖的幅度,并以专家评估代替了模型预测.但是报告中关于未来气候长期变化的预测仍被保留.如果把IPCC模型的总反馈从1.9 W m–2 K–1调整到1.5 W m–2 K–1,气候敏感模型中模拟的温度将从3.2 K降至2.2 K.同时由于反馈很可能是净负反馈,更合适的估计应该是1.0 K.1.0 K是一个能够实现的增幅,21世纪的实际变暖将会小于1 K.即使燃烧所有可开采的化石燃料也不会使全球变暖的幅度超过2.2 K,这一增加幅度也将趋于平稳.本文认为解决IPCC第四、五次报告中评估方法的差异非常关键.一旦这些差异得到解决,人类活动导致的全球变暖在22世纪以及几个世纪以后的平稳态将有可能不会超过IPCC当前模型预测的1/3~1/2.     

Design of optimum solid oxide membrane electrolysis cells for metals production

Oxide to metal conversion is one of the most energy-intensive steps in the value chain for metals production. Solid oxide membrane (SOM) electrolysis process provides a general route for directly reducing various metal oxides to their respective metals, alloys, or intermetallics. Because of its lower energy use and ability to use inert anode resulting in zero carbon emission, SOM electrolysis process emerges as a promising technology that can replace the state-of-the-art metals production processes. In this paper, a careful study of the SOM electrolysis process using equivalent DC circuit modeling is performed and correlated to the experimental results. A discussion on relative importance of each resistive element in the circuit and on possible ways of lowering the rate-limiting resistive elements provides a generic guideline for designing optimum SOM electrolysis cells.     

Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods on porous silicon substrates: Effect of growth time

Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods were successfully grown on porous silicon(PS) substrates by chemical bath deposition at a low temperature.X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and photoluminescence(PL)analyses were carried out to investigate the effect of growth duration(2 h to 8 h) on the optical and structural properties of the aligned ZnO nanorods. Strong and sharp ZnO(0 0 2) peaks of the ZnO nanorods proved that the aligned ZnO nanorods were preferentially fabricated along the c-axis of the hexagonal wurtzite structure. FESEM images demonstrated that the Zn O nanorod arrays were well aligned along the c-axis and perpendicular to the PS substrates regardless of the growth duration. The TEM image showed that the top surfaces of the ZnO nanorods were round with a smooth curvature. PL spectra demonstrated that the ZnO nanorods grown for 5 h exhibited the sharpest and most intense PL peaks within the ultraviolet range among all samples.     

Effect of equal channel angular pressing on aging treatment of Al-7075 alloy

The effect of aging treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of equal channel angular pressed Al-7075 alloy was examined.Commercial Al-7075 alloy in the solid solution heat-treated condition was processed by equal channel angular pressing through route BCat both the room temperature and 120 1C. Only three passes of equal channel angular pressing was possible due to the low ductility of the alloy at both temperatures. Followed by equal channel angular pressing, the specimens have been aged at 120 1C for different aging times. Mechanical properties were measured by Vickers microhardness and tensile tests and microstructural observations were undertaken using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer as well as optical microscopy. Microstructural investigations showed that ultrafine-grained materials with grain size in the range of 200–350 nm and 300–500 nm could be obtained after three passes of equal channel angular pressing at room temperature and 120 1C, respectively. Equal channel angular pressing of solid solution heat-treated Al-7075 alloy accelerates precipitation rate and subsequently leads to a significant decrease in aging time to attain maximum mechanical properties. Furthermore, it is possible to achieve maximum mechanical properties during equal channel angular pressing at 120 1C as a result of dynamic aging and formation of small η′ phase.     

对称格路与恒等式

对一种简单而又重要的组合结构——对称格路进行了研究。记dn,mn,sn分别为长2n的对称Dyck格路,M otzkin格路,Schr¨oder格路的个数。利用Riordan阵理论得到了他们之间所满足的六个组合恒等式并给予两个组合解释。最后,得到了特殊Riordan阵系数所满足的恒等式。根据某些恒等式估计长为2n的对称Dyck路平均中间高度和平均落在x轴上的点的个数。     

锂渣高性能混凝土的性能与微观结构

锂渣是新疆特有的工业废渣,为了寻求其利用,采用锂渣来配制高性能混凝土。从力学、抗裂、收缩性能与微观结构等方面探究其增强、抗裂机理。试验结果表明:锂渣的最大掺量不宜超过45%;随着掺量的增加,收缩率增加不明显,但都较空白组要小;当掺量在20%~30%时,其力学、抗裂性能较好;锂渣掺入混凝土后,细化了混凝土的凝胶孔,提高其密实度;且在混凝土中形成了一定量的AFt,改善了其抗裂、力学性能。     

功能绝缘材料加工工艺对电润湿显示器性能的影响

以通过蒸汽溶解法(Vapor redissolve method)代替高温回流法来恢复氟树脂层的疏水性能,使用氟碳溶剂(HFE7100)蒸汽溶解氟树脂层粗糙表面使其形成溶胶状态,加热蒸发溶剂后使表面恢复疏水性质.对溶解法溶解时间、干燥温度和干燥时间等条件进行了探究,对比了高温回流法和蒸汽溶解法对电润湿显示器产生的物理和光电的影响.蒸汽溶解法在不影响电润湿显示器其他功能的前提下,可以替代高温回流方法恢复氟树脂层的疏水功能并且工艺更简单.     

The Social Network Analysis of Techno-Economic Systems:Comparing Results Based on Binary and Weighted Networks

The network analysis of a technological system combines the interindustry transactions with a matrix of sectoral innovative efforts as measured by R&D investment intensity.The matrixes of interindustry transactions of R&D-embodied products(innovations)are weighted matrixes where the interindustry flows measure the intensity of the innovation diffusion.In the past,studies using this approach in innovation studies have transformed weighted matrixes into binary matrixes of zero and one element where the flows less than a selected threshold value were considered to be zero and the flows greater than the threshold value were counted as one.Such matrix transformation leads to the loss of a great deal of information.In the present study,using degree and clustering coefficients for both binary direct as well as weighted direct techno-economic networks of the manufacturing sector of the German economy,we show that the binary directed network analysis is incapable of refined ranking of interindustry innovation transactions.The total degree index based on the weighted network of the German techno-economic system assigns a unique ranking to each sector,and clustering coefficients show that at least 75%of sectors in the network of Germany have two links with the other industries.However,the same indices based on the binary network are incapable of such refined ranking.     

Displacement Discontinuity Method in 3D Problems of Fracture Mechanics

The present paper suggests a modification of boundary elements numerical method, which uses displacement discontinuity method in 3D space. The current method can effectively decrease the computational elements number in 3D space because final elements are placed only on the surface of a fracture simulating the discontinuity of elastic medium. Thus the dimension of the problem is decreased. The new fundamental solutions were developed based on double layer potentials. The method proved to be effective for hydraulic fractures modeling and their interaction with natural faults in host rock formations.